Index for Artifacts and Allegiances
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Academy of Sciences (Stockholm), 43, 157n4
accompaniment, x, 13, 155–56n54, 157n61
activist packages, 153n43
adjacencies or pairings in exhibitions: in American Identities, Plates 8–9, 72–76, 79; in Art of the Americas, Plates 6–7, 60; concept, 60; implicit vs. explicit, 82
Adonis (Syrian poet), 121
Afghan art, 114, 115
Africa: American trade with, 65; Eurocentric views of, 21; textiles of, 174n83
African Americans: acquisition of works by, 69, 174–75n85; educational materials on, 81; representation of, 75–76
Afro-Brazilians, 69, 174–75n85
Agüeros, Jack, 81
Aguilar, Margarita, 82
Ahlin, Margaret, 40
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 121
al-Ajami, Mohammed (aka Mohammed bin al-Dheeb), 120
Albemarle, Duke of (Christopher Monck), 1
Aliens Act (Denmark, 1986), 38
Al-Jazeera network, 115, 118, 122–23
al-Khater, Aisha, 114
allegiances. See boundaries and borders; cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum; transnational lives
Almqvist, Carl Jonas Love, 16
al-Mulla, Hussein, 190n101
al-Qaeda, 121
al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, 121
al-Qassemi, Sooud, 131–32
al-Tamimi, al-Munzir bin Sawi, 116
Al-Thani, Abd Allah bin Qasim, 116–17
Al-Thani, Abdulla bin Ali, 121
Al-Thani, Abdullah bin Jassim, 128
Al-Thani, Ahmad bin Ali, 117
Al-Thani, Hamad bin Khalifa, 92, 112–13, 117–18, 121–22
Al-Thani, Khalifa bin Hamad, 117
Al-Thani, Qasim bin Muhammad, 116
Al-Thani, Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa, 124, 191n119
Al-Thani, Tamim bin Hamad, 92
Al-Thani family: background, 189n92; consolidation of rule, 123, 130; number of, 120; secrecy about museums and exhibitions, 191n119; treaty with Britain signed, 116–17
American Association of Museums, 62, 173nn68, 71
American Identities (exhibition, Brooklyn Museum): Art of the Americas compared with, 72, 82; introduction and “walk through,” 72, 74–76; origins of objects, 73–74; reinstallation, 72–73
Americanization of museum collections, 176–77n104
American Party (Know-Nothing Party), 56
American Revolutionary War (1775–83), 59
American Social Science Association, 170n42
Amory, Cleveland, 168n21, 169n26
Amreus, Lars, 41, 47–48
Anacostia Neighborhood Museum (Washington, DC), 53
Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 117
Anvelotti, Carlo, 121
A. P. Moller-Maersk Shipping, 24
Apollo 11, 52
Appiah, Anthony, 148n23
Apprentices’ Library Association (Brooklyn), 69–70
Arab: use of term, 126
Arab Capital of Culture (2010), 118
Arab League, 122
Arab Museum of Modern Art. See Mathaf
Arab Spring (2010–12), 118
Aranda-Alvarado, Rocio, 81
Archilochus, 157n59
architects, Plate 11, 8, 134. See also specific architects
Arlanda Airport (Stockholm), 21–22
Aronsson, Peter, 29
Art and Industries Museum (Washington, DC), 52
Art Dubai International Fair, 125
artifacts. See artworks; exhibitions; objects
Art Institute of Chicago, 51, 87
artists: classification practices challenged by, 151–52n33; in conversation with ancient objects, 134–35; defined in Singaporean document, 185n58; freedoms and creativity of, 111–12, 188n83; nurturing talent of, 104–5; pairing immigrant and homeland, 79
Art of the Americas Wing (MFA): acquisitions to enhance, 69, 174–75n85; American Identities compared with, 72, 82; “Behind the Scenes” in, 68, 76, 174n84; creating global citizens idea and, 67; expectations of, 140; founding myth underlying, 87; impetus for, 62–63; international connections highlighted in, 58–62, 172–73n66; Manuel José Rubio y Salinas portrait by Cabrera in, Plate 7, 60, 82; response to, 64; as story of “both/and,” 175n86; Timothy Matlack portrait by Peale in, Plate 6, 60, 82
Arts and Culture Strategic Review (Singapore), 103
ArtScience Museum (Singapore), 181n11
arts festivals: Dubai, 125; Singapore, 104, 185–86n68. See also biennials; world’s fairs
artworks: contextualization of, 66; objects as artifact vs., 27–28, 44, 135, 159n17; reproductions vs. originals, 57; transformative and connective power of, 79. See also exhibitions; objects
art world. See global art world
Asia: Massachusetts trading connections to, 59, 64–65; Singapore’s place in, 107–8; “tigers” of, 99; viewpoint on versus in or from, 94. See also South and Southeast Asia; and specific countries
Asian Civilizations Museum (ACM, Singapore): building and location, 94; culture’s meanings in, 111, 130; curiosity about, 12; key messages, 107–8; organization of, 106–7; origins, 102, 106; unity in diversity narrative in, 95, 109; volunteer opportunities, 94
—EXHIBITION: Patterns of Trade, 94
Asian Football Cup (2011), 122
Asian Games (2006), 122
assemblages: concept and function, 8, 139, 154–55n45. See also global museum assemblages
assimilation: impossibility of, 55; integration as, 39, 45, 49; as multiracialism and multilingualism, 99–101; of new art worlds into museums, 151n32; rejection of idea, 80
Aste, Richard, 76
Atahualpa (Incan emperor), 75
Atkins, Chet, 174n81
Atlantic Monthly, 88–89, 179–80n139
Attias, Richard, 122
Augustine (saint), 5
Australia, 101, 105, 184n44
autism, 78
Axelrod, John, 174–75n85
Aztec sun calendar, 75
B
Bahrain, 116–17, 118, 189n90
Balcıoğlu, Emin Mahir, 91, 119, 124, 128
Baltimore Museum of Art, 50
Bandelj, Nina, 145–46n6
Bannerman, James, 95
Banyan tree metaphor, 183–84n43
Barclays Center (Brooklyn), 178n121
Barzakh, 131
Batuman, Elif, 125
Baur, Jack, 72
BBC World Service, 147n15
Beck, Ulrich, 149n26
Becker, Howard, 145–46n6
Beckham, David, 121
Bedouin people, 42, 114, 129, 131, 189n92
Bell, John, 70
Bellah, Robert, 89–90
Belsunse y Salasar, Mariana (portrait of), Plate 9, 75, 82
Bennett, Tony, 150n28, 151–52n33, 152n34, 154–55n45
Benzel, Kim, 7
Berger, Joseph, 175–76n97
Berggren, H., 165n82
Bergman, Stan, 21
Berlin, Isaiah, 12, 157n59
Bermejo, José Joaquin: Mariana Belsunse y Salasar portrait by, Plate 9, 75, 82
biennials: Queens International, 79, 114; Singapore, Plate 10, 104. See also arts festivals; world’s fairs
Bigelow, William Sturgis, 57, 172n49
Bilbao (Spain) museum, 91, 115
Bismarck, Otto von, 35, 161n49
Björklund, Anders, 19, 21–22, 89, 158n9
Bloomberg News, 49
Bodin, Jean-François, 126
Bollywood film posters, 19
Boston: cultural affairs support in, 85–86; diversity of, 55, 62, 84–85, 178n125; early economy of, 168nn23–24; elite families of, 54–55, 56, 61, 88, 168n21, 168–69n25, 169nn26, 28, 171–72n48; founding myth (“city on the hill”), 53–55, 86, 87, 90, 137; historical context, 53–56; national context of, 11; New York City’s relationship to, 11–12; nicknamed “the Hub,” 168n19; nineteenth century museum in, 170n39; personality of, 9; population, 55, 56, 69; tensions and divisions in, 55–56; tourism in, 63; trading connections of, 57, 59; writers noted, 179–80n139. See also Museum of Fine Arts
Boston Associates, 54–55, 168–69n25
Boston Athenaeum, 170n39
Boston Celtics, 55
Boston Cultural Council, 86
Boston Latin School, 54
Boston Museum, 170n39
Boston Museum Theatre, 170n39
Boston Phoenix, 64
Bostwick Davis, Elliot: on Art of the Americas Wing, 59, 61–62, 69, 172–73n66, 175n86; on MFA, 67, 171n43
boundaries and borders: balancing connections with, 103, 110–12, 186n70; national definition of, 6. See also cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum; living across borders
Bourdieu, Pierre, 152–53n37
Bourne, Randolph, 89
branding and rebranding, 77, 131–32, 155–56n54
Brazil, 22–23, 25. See also Eckhout, Albert
Brichet, Nathalia, 158–59n15
Brienen, Rebecca Parker, 23
Brimmer, Martin, 56
Brincker, Benedikt, 161–62n50
British East India Company, 95–97, 116–17
British Museum (London), 2, 27, 143–44n4
Brochmann, Grete, 165–66n88
Bronx Museum of Art (NYC), 179n126
Brooklyn (NYC): gentrification, 175–76n97; population, 69–70; urban decline, 71; West Indian community, 76
Brooklyn Academy of Music, 70, 178n121, 179n126
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 70, 179n126
Brooklyn Bridge, 72
Brooklyn Children’s Museum, 70
Brooklyn Institute of Art and Sciences, 70–71
Brooklyn Museum (was Brooklyn Museum of Art): attractions nearby, 178n121; community focus and populist stance, 71–72, 74, 76, 86; on cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum, 50–51, 137; Cultural Institutions Group membership of, 85, 179n126; current collecting priorities, 75–76; free days at, 82, 126, 134; Giuliani’s attempt to censor, 85; hours and accessibility, 82; MFA compared with, 82–87; mission, 71–72, 175n95; motto, 70; number of visitors, 71; origins, 51, 69–70; particular context of, 83–84; “Rainbow House” of, 73; rethinking or rebranding of, 77
—EXHIBTIONS: Connecting Cultures, 76–77; Sensation, 85. See also American Identities
Brooklyn Museum School Service, 74
Brown, Richard D., 168n24
Brunias, Agostino, 75–76
Brunius, Staffan, 43
Buren, Daniel, 151–52n33
Bush, George W., 121
cabinets of curiosities (kunstkammern), 23, 26, 170n39
Cabrera, Miguel: Manuel José Rubio y Salinas portrait by, Plate 7, 60, 82
Cai, Guo-Qiang, 126
Calhoun, Craig, 149n26
Carbone, Terry, 72–73, 86
Carlsson, Ingvar, 33
Carolus-Duran (Charles Auguste Émile Durand), 60–61
Carr, Dennis, 59, 60
CBS News, 40
censorship, 85, 111–12, 188n83
Center for the Future of Museums project (American Association of Museums), 62
Charles XII (king of Sweden), 41
Chicago, Art Institute of, 51, 87
children: Brooklyn Museum’s welcoming of, 74; Doha exhibition of works by, 126; expedition story for, 21; iconic object funded in part by, 59; museum visits of, 14–15, 29; programming and collections specifically for, 42, 109. See also education and schooling; museum educational programming
Childs, Marquis, 31
China: American trade with, 59, 64–65; in Chinese-Malay-Indian-Other classification, 99–101, 108, 110, 184n51; exhibition about, 109; Fresh Ink exhibition and, 68; Qatar’s natural gas contracts in, 121; Singaporeans living in, 101, 184n44
Chitty Melaka people, 187n74
Chong, Alan, 107, 134
Chong, T., 184nn47, 51, 185n58, 188n83
Christian Democrats (Swedish political party), 33
Christian II (king of Denmark), 37
Christian IV (king of Denmark), 35
Christian VII (king of Denmark), 161–62n50
Cinemarosa (LGBTQ film and video series), 78–80
citizens and citizenship: Danish debates and laws on, 36–38, 161–62n50, 163–64n62, 164n65; Danish declaration on, 39; ethnic descent (jus sanguinis) vs. place of birth (jus solis) as basis for, 163–64n62; “fatherland” and criteria for, 36, 161–62n50; museums as tool for creating, 3, 9–10, 42–43, 52–53, 57, 134, 140–41, 150n28, 151–52n33, 171n46; museums not a tool for creating, 67, 139–40; political rights in Qatar and, 92; social contract of nation and, 5; Swedish model for, 31; Swedish vs. Danish norms for, 166n97. See also global citizens
Citizens’ Committee on Boston’s Future, 86
city: author’s interviews of government professionals, 155–56n54; characteristics of global, 185n67, 185–86n68; memory traces and character of, 145–46n6; as place of museum, 9–10; as potential organization field, 155–56n54
“city on the hill.” See Boston: founding myth
civic capacity, 145–46n6
civic process as cumulative, 9
civic seeing, 150n28
civilizing mission, 151n32. See also colonialism
classification and hierarchies: Brooklyn Museum’s shaking up of, 76–77; class, race, and nationalism in, 6–7; class-based stereotypes of Qatar, 119; in ethnographic portraits, Plate 2, 23–24, 25; evolutionary schemas in, 151n32; of high vs. popular art, 171–72n48; Linnaeus’s influence on, 19–20; as museum function, 8; Qatari and non-Qatari, 123, 129; in Smithsonian, 52–53; by stereotypical racial attributes (Chinese-Malay-Indian-Other), 99–101, 108, 110, 184n51; Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages invented, 26; Swedish explorers’ influence on, 20–21. See also adjacencies or pairings in exhibitions
Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 9
Clifford, James, 8, 135, 151n32, 153n42
Codman, Martha Catherine (later, Karolik), 61, 87
collecting and collections: American art narrative and, 61, 172n65; background of, 26–27; critiques of, 92; of wealthy Americans, 51–52; world power dynamics of, 21–22. See also donors; expeditions; global art world
Collier, Stephen J., 154–55n45
colonialism: acknowledgment of effects, 141; collecting in context of, 26–27; continuum assumed in, 52; Dutch in Brazil, 22–23; museums’ roots in, 7, 20–21, 52, 73; Palme’s rejection of, 32; portrait aesthetics similar across countries, Plates 6 and 7, 60, 63; portrait iconography similar across countries, Plates 8 and 9, 74–75. See also expeditions; imperialist projects; Spanish colonial art
Columbia command module (Apollo 11), 52
Columbian Museum (Boston), 170n39
congealed social agreements, 145–46n6
Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 21, 141
consciousness industry, 152n36
Conservative People’s Party (Konservative Folkeparti, Denmark), 38, 39
constituency and community-based museums, 3, 87, 109, 140. See also specific museums (e.g., Queens Museum of Art)
contact zones, 8, 103, 135, 153nn42–43
continuity-change dichotomy, 9
Cook, Greg, 64
Cook, James, 20, 23
Cooke, Miriam, 131, 180n1
Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish, 57–58
Coomaraswamy, Ethel, 58
Cooper, Scott, 124–25
Copenhagen: cultural armature of, 34–40; diversity of, 36–38; foreign labor needed, 163n56; location and economy, 35; as national influence, 10, 34; schoolchildren’s museum visits in, 14–15
—CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS: Danish Immigration Museum, 39–40. See also Museum of Copenhagen; National Museum of Denmark
Copley, John Singleton, 59, 74
corporate practices: support for, 152nn36–37. See also funding issues
cosmopolitanism: approach to and questions about, 12–13; art project participation as fostering, 79–80; concept, 6, 136, 141–42, 148n22; cosmopolitics as one aspect of, 6, 67, 137, 149nn25–26; multicultural and intercultural sources of, 147–48n20; partial type of, 6, 148n23; racialized spaces unsettled in, 103; reinventing museums in relation to, 8–9, 51, 152n34; sites for encouraging, 5, 147n15; tribal modernity and, 131–32. See also migrants and immigrants; universalism and universal values; and specific locales
cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum: cultural institutions’ places on, 3; earlier research on, 144–45n5, 149n26; folk-high-school idea on, 36–37; interdependence of cosmopolitan and national on, 136–38; nation’s internal diversity vs. global citizens on, 77. See also specific museums and locales
cosmopolitan nationalism: concept, 144–45n5; in Qatar, 119–23; in United States, 11, 83, 87–90, 137
cosmopolitics, 6, 67, 137, 149nn25–26
Cotter, Holland, 64, 77
Council of Europe, 49, 166n95
Crick, Francis, 20
Culin, R. Stewart, 73, 176n102
Cullen, Deborah, 81, 82
cultural armature: concept, 3, 83–86, 145–46n6; effects of, 9–10, 29; fostering changes in, 97, 110, 130–31; museum practice in relation to, 83, 137–38. See also cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum; diversity and diversity management regimes; and specific locales
cultural capitalists, 171–72n48. See also Boston: elite families of
cultural institutions: botanic gardens as, 70, 179n126; cognitive models and norms as shaping, 145–46n6; cosmopolitanism encouraged in practices of, 5, 147n15; disciplinary function of, 151–52n33; problem-solving function of, 22; for repositioning nation in region and world, 91; specific locale’s role in, 9–10. See also museums
Cultural Institutions Group (NYC), 85, 86–87, 179n126
cultural omnivorousness, 149n25
cultural wealth, 145–46n6
cultural workers, 102–6. See also museum professionals
culture: definitions of, 86–87, 111, 151n32; elites’ deployment of, 152–53n37; fluidity of, 79; in global and in everyday life, 134; industrial distribution of consciousness masked by, 152n36; museum representation of, 6–7; purity impossible in, 107; as site for achieving modernity, 131–32
Culture for All (Danish plan), 39
Cummins, Joan, 76
Cuno, James B., 2, 7–8, 139
curators: adjacencies concept of, 60; author’s interviews of, 155–56n54; backgrounds and training, 25, 26, 57; classification practices challenged by, 151–52n33; for contemporary global issues, 18–19; exchanges of, 80–82, 141, 177–78n114; generational divide in, 43; neoliberalism and budget cuts for, 44; reluctant to discuss citizenship, 42; statements and photos of, included in exhibition, 68, 174n83; visitor expectations and funding issues for, 83–84. See also exhibition and museum practices; and specific museums
Curie, Marie, 20
Curley, James Michael, 55
Dahne, Ulf, 26, 27
Dalzell, Robert F., 54–55, 168–69n25
Damsholt, Tine, 161–62n50
Dana, John Cotton, 171n46
Danish Immigration Museum (Farum, Copenhagen), 39–40
Danish People’s Party (Dansk Folkeparti), 38–39, 47
Danish Refugee Aid organization, 163–64n62
Danish Royal Committee, 26
Darieva, Tsypylma, 149n26
Daugbjerg, Mads, 143–44n4, 144–45n5, 157n3, 158–59n15, 161n49
“Declaration of Integration and Active Citizenship in Danish Society” (Denmark), 39
“Declaration on the Importance and Value of Universal Museums,” 143–44n4
definitionism concept, 125
Deleuze, Gilles, 125, 154–55n45
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 21, 141
Denmark: attitude toward immigrants in, 37–40, 163nn55–56; battlefield reinvented as peace site in, 144–45n5; citizenship laws in, 38, 161–62n50, 163–64n62, 164n65; colonial past of, 21, 35; Copenhagen’s influence on, 10; on cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum, 10–11, 15, 26–27, 29, 36–37, 39–40, 136–37; cultural armature and geopolitics of, 34–40; Danishness in, 26–29, 45–46; diversity of, 11, 27–28; in EU but opted out of euro, 156n55; “fatherland” meanings in, 36, 161–62n50; folk-high-school movement, 35, 36–37, 165n87; German defeat of, 35–36; homogeneity and national identity of, 11, 28–29, 39–40, 45–49; icon of nationalism of, Plate 3, 24–25; immigration policies in, 38, 45, 163–64n62, 165n77; motto of, 35–36, 37; Muhammad cartoon debacle in, 38; museum renovation cycle in, 25–26; national anthem of, 14; number of museums in, 158n9; population, 28, 37, 161n49; prehistory and peasant culture celebrated in, 28–29, 162–63n54; public funding for some museums in, 158n9; Sweden’s relationship to, 12, 35; Swedish museums’ approach compared with, 42–49. See also Copenhagen; and specific museums
Derby, Elias Hasket, 61
Destination X (exhibition), Plate 4, 19, 40–41
Detroit Institute of Arts, 51
Dezember, Michelle, 119, 125, 126
Diaz, Pedro José, 75
DiMaggio, Paul, 171–72n48
directors: administrative vs. gallery time of, 50; on critical thinking, 44; international conventions used by, 17–18; reluctant to discuss citizenship, 39
Discovery Channel, 44
diversity and diversity management regimes: components and complexity, 3–5; cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum and, 136–37; cultural diversity defined, 18; differences in, 11; migrants’ role in, 133–34; moral significance of, 147–48n20. See also cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum; cultural armature; migrants and immigrants; and under specific locales
Dixon, Katie, 85
Doha (Qatar): connecting global art world to, 125–26; development of museums and economy in, 91–93, 95; historical context, 116–17; museum ecology of, 115; name of, 188n84; opportunities in, 112–13; Qatar interchangeable with, 10, 188n85; as rentier state, 118; Salt Lake City compared with, 128; Singapore’s relationship to, 12, 93, 130; state-managed ethnic and racial diversity of, 11. See also Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art; Museum of Islamic Art; National Museum of Qatar; Qatar; Qatar Museum Authority; Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum
Doha GOALS (Gathering of All Leaders in Sports, 2013), 122
Doha News, 155–56n54
donors: activities, exhibitions, and direction influenced by, 69, 86; highlighted in exhibitions, 61, 68; for New Danish Prehistory exhibition, 24; for refurbishing New York City panorama, 78. See also censorship; collecting and collections
Dorchester Company, 54
Dow, Arthur Wesley, 57
Dubai (United Arab Emirates): arts festival in, 125; Doha distinguished from, 124; as entrepôt, 118
Duchamp, Marcel, 151–52n33
Dutch West India Company, 22–23
Dybbøl (Danish battlefield), 144–45n5
E
East India Marine Society, 64–65, 174n77
Eckhout, Albert (Dutch painter): ethnographic portraits by, 23–24, 170n39; expedition to Brazil, 22–23, 75; noted, 15; The Tarairiu Woman, Plate 2, 23–24, 25
Ecuador, 80, 137
education and schooling: art education in Qatar, 123; art education in Singapore, 104–5; folk-high-school movement, 35, 36–37, 165n87; “free schools,” 47, 165n87; professional museum training, 8–9; Qatar’s Education City and plan for, 118, 119, 121; reforms in Singapore, 102. See also museum educational programming
Edward Ingersoll Brown Fund (Boston), 86
Egypt: Mosque of Ahmad Ibn Tulun (Cairo) in, 113; objects of, 7, 83, 92; Qatar’s investment in, 118–19, 122
Ekenstam, Thure Reinhold, 16
Eklund, Klas, 32
El Museo del Barrio (NYC): controversies of, 84, 140; on cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum, 83, 137–38; credit for establishing, 87; Cultural Institutions Group membership of, 179n126; exhibition collaboration with Queens Museum, 80–82, 177–78n114; story of transnational lives at, 51, 80
Emancipation Proclamation (U.S., 1863), 75
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 55, 56, 75, 88, 169n30
Engelen, Jean-Paul, 112, 118, 121
Enhedslisten (Danish leftist party), 164n65
equality: collectivism distinguished from, 165n82; immigrant minorities and, 48–49; individualism and, 46–47, 165n82
Ericsson, John, 31
Esplanade Theater by the Bay (Singapore), 102
Essex Institute (Essex Historical and Essex Natural History societies merged), 65, 174nn77–78. See also Peabody Essex Museum
ethnicity: cosmopolitanism and tolerance of, 6, 149nn25–26; as means of empowerment in U.S., 53; national identity based on, 45–49; New York’s celebration of, 84–85, 178n122; place of birth vs., 163–64n62. See also classification and hierarchies; diversity and diversity management regimes; migrants and immigrants; race
ethnography: multisited, 138–39; museums focused on, 3; objects collected and displayed, 25–28, 159n17; relocating collections, 17. See also classification and hierarchies; repatriation
Etnografiska Museet (Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm): “foreign” collections held in, 157n4; location, 19; plan to relocate collections of, 17; stakeholders’ help in developing exhibitions at, 44–45; totem pole repatriated from, 135
—EXHIBITIONS: Bringing the World Home, 19–22; on Kuwait, 42–43; on Native Americans, 45; Trafficking, Plate 1, 22
Euben, Roxanne Leslie, 147–48n20
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, 166n95
European Union (EU) membership, 11, 156n55
exhibition and museum practices: approaches to studying, 2–4, 10–13, 155–56n54; curators’ statements and photos included, 68, 135, 174n83; current debate about, 7–8; current events and, 42–43; department store techniques, 176–77n104; directed connections between galleries, 63; directors’ and educators’ guides, 104, 186n70; hours and accessibility issues, 73, 77, 82, 126, 134, 178n119; labeling decisions, 104, 113–14, 129; “middle” way in, 40–42; renovation cycles and, 25–26; salon style for paintings, 61; similarities across museums and countries, 134–35; “talking heads” on computer screens, 106; trade-offs in, 140. See also adjacencies or pairings in exhibitions; curators; museum educational programming
exhibitionary complex, 151–52n33
exhibitions: as art form, 73; collections from sister museums, 57; as display of artifacts and those who make them, 151–52n33; experiential, emotional style in, 16–17; immigrant and homeland artists paired in, 79; internationalization of, 137–38, 154–55; as interpretive acts, 68; permanent, 18, 42; “real estate” in, 7; stakeholders’ help in developing, 44–45; traveling, 67, 74. See also exhibition and museum practices
—DENMARK: Becoming a Copenhagener, 39; Brazilian ethnography, 25; ethnographic portraits, Plate 2, 23–24, 25, 135; Kølbjerg Woman and Egtved Girl, 24; New Danish Prehistory, 15, 24–25, 28–29, 41; The Peoples of the World, Plate 2, 23–24, 159n17; Pow Wow, 159n16; The Stories of Denmark, 15, 27–28, 41; The Sun Chariot, or Solvognen, Plate 3, 24–25; Treasure Chamber, 159n17
—QATAR: Another Look, 126–27; “Between the Past and the Future” room, 128; Ferozkoh: Tradition and Continuity in Afghan Art, 114; Hajj, 114; Hey,Ya: Arab Women in Sports, 124; Olympics, 124; Portrait of a European Gentleman (unknown artist), Plate 12, 114; Saraab, 126; schoolchildren’s artworks, 126; Tea with Nefertiti, 92
—SINGAPORE: Art Garden, 185n67; Patterns of Trade, 94; Raw Canvas, Plate 10, 105; The Singapore Show, 105, 186n70
—SWEDEN: Bollywood, 19; Bringing the World Home, 19–22; Destination X, Plate 4, 19, 40–41; HIV/AIDS, 44; Horizons, 141; on Kuwait, 42–43; on Native Americans, 45; Sister of Dreams, 18; A Stolen World, 40, 164nn70, 72; Trafficking, Plate 1, 22
—UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, 129
—UNITED STATES: Caribbean: Crossroads of the World, 80–82, 177–78n114; Connecting Cultures, 76–77; Dangerous Curves (guitars), 174n81; Fresh Ink, 68, 114; Global Patterns, 174n83; K’iché burial urns, Plate 5, 59, 62, 63; A Nation of Nations, 53; Permission to be Global, 68; Sensation, 85; Speed, Style, and Beauty, 174n81. See also American Identities; Art of the Americas Wing
expeditions: American, 74; British, 75–76; Dutch, 22–24; Swedish, 20–21
Exxon Mobil Corp., 120–21
fairs. See arts festivals; world’s fairs
Faroe Islands, 35, 161n46
Farquhar, William, 95, 97
Farrell, Betty, 173n68, 173n71
“fatherland,” 36, 161–62n50
Feldman, Jackie, 144–45n5
Fenellosa, Ernest Francisco, 57, 172n49
Ferrell, Heather, 127–28
Fibiger, Thomas, 143–44n4, 158–59n15
FIFA World Cup (2022), 92, 112, 119–20, 124, 127, 191n121
Finkelpearl, Tom, 78, 80
Finland: migrants from, 33–34; Nazi relations with, 31; role in Congo, 21
folkhemmet (“people’s home”), 31, 48–49
folk-high-school movement (Denmark), 35, 36–37, 165n87
Foner, Nancy, 84, 178n122
Fontanales-Cisneros Collection (MFA), 68
Foucault, Michel, 151–52n33
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Council of Europe), 49, 166n95
Franklin, Benjamin, 59, 74
Frederick II (king of Denmark), 35
Frederick III (king of Denmark), 23
Frederik VII (king of Denmark), 37
Freudenburg, William, 145–46n6
Friends of the Museums (Singapore), 94–95
Fromherz, Allen, 118, 123
From Pole to Pole (Hedin), 21
From Third World to First (Lee), 98
Frykman, Jonas, 31
funding issues: censorship and, 84–85; cities’ differences in, 85–86; for museums in future, 139–40
Furnivall, John Sydenham, 182–83n33
Fyfe, Gordon, 153n41
Gama, Vasco da, 95
Gardner, Andrew, 190n101
Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 57, 107
Garland, Judy, 52
Garrison, William Lloyd, 56
Gaskall, Ivan, 153n41
Gates Foundation, 122
Geary, Chris, 68, 174n83
General Treaty of Peace (1820), 116
Georgetown University in Qatar, 121
“German Feud” (Denmark), 36
Germany: artistic production investments in, 105; heimat concept in, 37; migrants from, 29–30. See also Nazi Germany; Prussia
Ghana: Denmark and, 27, 35, 158–59n15
Gillespie, Marie, 147n15
Gilman, Benjamin Ives, 57, 171nn46–47
Gilroy, Paul, 149n26
Giuliani, Rudy, 85
Glass, Phillip, 185–86n68
Glistrup, Mogens, 47
Global Art Forum (2013), 125
global art world: consciousness industry and, 152n36; current wave of, 115; governance of museums and, 8–9; Qatar’s connecting to, 123–27; Singapore’s connecting to, 103–4, 125; traditional criteria of quality, rarity, and beauty in, 151n32. See also arts festivals; biennials; exhibition and museum practices; museum professionals
global citizens: earlier views of, 5; El Museo’s goal for, 81–82; friction of diverse encounters of, 153n43; hopes for developing, 2, 67; obstacles to promotion of, 83–84. See also citizens and citizenship; migrants and immigrants; transnational lives
Global City for the Arts project (Singapore, 1992), 102
globalization and global processes: approaches to studying, 12–13; “curator” of, 43; dialogue about effects of, 80; inequality in, 6; “internal,” 144–45n5; multisited ethnography of, 138–39; museum world situated in, 2–4, 9
global museum assemblages: concept and function, 8–9, 134, 153–54n44; historical practices in, 154–55n45; interdependence evidenced in, 135–36; mobile professionals’ roles in, 134–35; multisited ethnographic approach to, 138–39; museums’ incorporation of different elements of, 83–87
“God Save the Queen” (song), 98
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5
Goh, Ching Lee, 185–86n68
Goh, Chok Tong, 99, 100, 188n83
Goh, Keng Swee, 101
Goldschmidt, Meir Aron, 36–37
Goode, George Brown, 52, 150n28
Gothenburg (Sweden): museums display of cosmopolitanism, 10–11; trading connections of, 30
Gothenburg City Museum, 40. See also Museum of World Culture
Graham, Augustus, 70, 83
Grande, Edgar, 149n26
Great Britain: East India Company of, 95–97, 116–17; expedition to West Indies, 75–76; “headscarf issue” in, 183n39; as “maritime police,” 116–17; national anthem, 98; Qatar’s investments in, 91; Singaporeans living in, 101, 184n44. See also London
Greenblatt, Stephen, 67
Greenland, 35, 161n46
Greve, Henrich R., 145–46n6
Grinnell, Klaus, 18–19, 48
Grundtvig, N. F. S., 36–37, 47, 162n52, 165n87
Gruner-Domic, Sandra, 149n26
Guardiola-Rivera, Oscar, 125
Guattari, Félix, 154–55n45
Guggenheim Museum, 79, 115
Gulf War (1990–91), 42–43
Gullestad, Marianne, 48
Gustav II Adolf (king of Sweden), 15, 29
Gustav III (king of Sweden), 30
Haacke, Hans, 152n36
Habibie, B. J., 187n78
Hagelund, Anniken, 165–66n88
Hall, David, 74
Hall, Deborah, Plate 8, 74–75, 82
Halle, David, 86–87
Hannerz, Ulf, 149n26, 155n47
Hanseatic League, 29, 35
Hansen, Per Christian, 24–26, 28, 44, 45, 47, 135
Hao, Sheng, 63, 68
Harkness, Geoff, 192n131
Harlem. See The Studio Museum in Harlem
Hartigan, Lynda, 66
Harvard University (earlier, Harvard College): Boston’s founding myth and, 87; Emerson’s address to Phi Beta Kappa Society, 55; founding, 54; governance and funding, 169n28; museum course at, 171n47; print collection of, 170n42
Harvey, Penelope, 152n36
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 179–80n139
Hazelius, Artur Immanuel, 15–17, 157nn2–3
Hazelius, Johan, 16
Healey, Augustus, 70
Hearst, William Randolph, 75
Hedetoft, Ulf, 45
Hedin, Sven, 21
Heiberg, Peter Andreas, 36
heimat (concept ), 37
Heinö, A. J., 46
Hellerman, Steven L., 90
Hendrix, Jimi, 174n81
Henkel, David, 106, 107
Herodotus (historian), 115
Hirshler, Erica, 60–61, 63, 67, 140
Hirst, Damien, 92–93
Hochtief (German construction firm), 121
Holger Danske (opera), 36
Holland. See Netherlands
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 55, 75
Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington, DC), 168n16
Holst, Karen, 32
Hong Kong, 97, 99, 101
humankind: display of cultural heritage of, 6–7; liberation mythology, 152n36; mobility of, 19; trafficking in, Plate 1, 22
human rights approach, 18, 90
Human Rights Watch, 120, 189–90n99
human trafficking exhibition, Plate 1, 22
hybridity and hybridization: balancing boundaries with, 103, 110–12, 186n70; embraced at same time as reifying boundaries, 93, 108–10, 130
Ibrahimovic, Zlatan, 121
iconic objects. See objects: iconic
identity: as historically and culturally specific, 135–36. See also language issues; specific locales
Ignatieff, Michael, 87–88, 90
immigration policy: on asylum, 160n39; differences across countries, 45–49, 165n77, 166n97; on enhancing migrants’ movement, 167n99; integration policies compared with, 164n75; museums influenced by, 48–49; potential conflict over, 165–66n88; practical convergence vs. discursive divergence in, 45; recognition of minorities, 49, 166n95. See also migrants and immigrants; specific countries
imperialist projects: British East India Company and, 95–97, 116–17; classification as justification for, 6–7; Dutch West India Company, 22–23; Eurocentrism in, 148n22. See also classification and hierarchies; colonialism
imprinting, 145–46n6
India: American trade with, 64; in Chinese-Malay-Indian-Other classification, 99–101, 108, 110, 184n51; exhibition about, 109; MFA’s ties to, 57–58; Sanskrit cosmopolis in relation to, 5, 148n21
Indian Heritage Center (Singapore), 109
Indian Kevorkian Hyderabad carpet, 114
installations. See exhibitions
institutions. See cultural institutions
Integration Act (Denmark, 1999), 163–64n62
“Intellectual Declaration of Independence” (Emerson), 55
Internal Security Act (Singapore), 183–84n43
International Committee on Museums, 8–9, 135
internationalism: multiculturalism in relation to, 79; Palme’s support for, 17, 32, 47–48; Wilson’s support for, 89
International Migration Outlook (OECD report, 2012), 49
Internet, 39, 41, 43–44, 156
Iraq: migrants from, 34
Iraq War (first, 1990–91), 42–43
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (Boston), 57, 107
Islamic ethos: architectural sites important in, 113; travel and cosmopolitanism in, 5, 147–48n20; Wahhabi interpretation, 115. See also Museum of Islamic Art; Muslim people; Qatar
Iwasaki, Hitomi, 79–80
Iyer, Pico, 133
Jamaica: British study of, 1
Japan: cultured pearls invented in, 117; MFA’s sister museum in, 57, 172n50; national anthem, 98; Qatar’s natural gas contracts in, 121; Singapore and Malaysia occupied by (WWII), 97, 98
Jarl, Birger, 29, 30
“Jasmine” (Mohammed al-Ajami), 120
Jawi Peranakan people, 187n74
Jek, Yeun Tong, 184n48
Jenkins, Richard, 46
Jerusalem (Israel), 122
Jewish people: as migrants, 33, 37, 160n37; Pirkei Avot of, 141, 193n9; recognized as minority in Sweden, 49, 166n95; Singapore exhibition on, 187n77
Josephson, Ernst, 15
J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles), 124
Judt, Tony, 12–13
Kamrava, Mehran, 118–19
Kant, Immanuel, 5
Karell, Sven, 40
Karolik, Maxim and Martha, 61, 68, 87
Kennedy, Thalia, 114
Kennedy family, 55
Key, Francis Scott, 52
Khaled, Rana, 192n131
K’iché burial urns (Maya), Plate 5, 59, 62, 63
Kimball, Moses, 170n39
“Kimigayo” (song), 98
Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 151–52n33
Klein, Barbro, 157n4
knowledge, 4–5, 7, 147–48n20. See also classification and hierarchies
Know-Nothing Party (American Party), 56
Koch, Ed, 85
Koh, Michael, 95, 107, 186–87n71
Kold, Christen, 165n87
Komai, Ray, 72
Kong, Lily, 110, 185n67, 187n77
Konservative Folkeparti (Conservative People’s Party, Denmark), 38, 39
Kouoh, Koyo, 125
Kreuger, Ivar, the “Match King,” 31
Krishnan, Gauri, 109
kunstkammern (cabinets of curiosities), 23, 26, 170n39
Kwa, Geok Choo, 98
Kwok, Kenson, 93–94, 102, 108
Kymlicka, Will, 149n26
labor. See workers
Labour Front (political party, Singapore), 97–98
LaFarge, John, 57
Lahikainen, Dean, 65, 174n78
Lam, Wilfredo, Untitled, 69
Lane, William H. and Sandra B., 171n65
Langewiesche, William, 89
language issues: English vs. native language (spoken at home), 84–85; multilingual museum labels, 129; museum classes in, 78; in Singapore, 100, 103, 104, 107, 108; translations of, 80
Larsson, Carl, 15
Latour, Bruno, 149n26, 154–55n45
Lavezzi, Ezequiel, 121
Law of Indigenous Rights (Denmark, 1766), 161–62n50
Lawrence, Timothy Bigelow, 170n42
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 72, 179–80n139
Lee, Hsien Loong, 99, 100
Lee, Jane, Raw Canvas, Plate 10, 105
Lee, Khoon Choy, 101
Lee, Kuan Yew (Harry Lee), 97–99, 108, 188n83
Lee, Terence, 112
Lehman, Arnold, 50, 71–72, 76, 77, 167n1
Lennon, John, 174n81
Leo, Petrina, 112
Leopold II (king of Belgium), 21
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community, 78–80
Lester, Raymond, 78
Levy, Daniel, 144–45n5
Liberty Bowl (Revere), 59–60
Lim, Charles, 105–6, 186n70
Lin, Weiqiang, 184n46
Lindegren, Amalia, 16
Lingham, Susie, 107
Linnaeus, Carl, 19–20
“lion city.” See Singapore
Lipsitz, George, 13
living across borders: meanings of, 4–5, 19; Queens biennial as, 79. See also boundaries and borders; transnational lives
Lobell, Jarrett A., 24
London: British Museum in, 2, 27, 143–44n4; diversity of, 4; Qatar’s investment in, 118
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 88
Lopez Cuenca, Rogelio, 41
Louis XIV (king of France), 23
Louvre (Paris), 2
Lowell, James Russell, 88
Macdonald, Sharon, 144–45n5, 153n41
MacGregor, Neil, 2, 5, 6, 139, 143–44n4
“Majulah Singapura” (song), 98
Malaysia: in Chinese-Malay-Indian-Other classification, 99–101, 108, 110, 184n51; exhibition about, 109; “headscarf issue” and, 183n39; Japanese occupation of, 97, 98; multiethnic character of, 106; Perak Museum for artifacts of, 187n72; Singapore expelled from union, 98, 101; trading history of, 95–96
Mali, National Museum in, 141
Mandle, Roger, 114, 128–29
Mångkulturellt Centrum (Multicultural Center, Stockholm), 41–42, 45, 140
Manhem Society (Sweden), 16
“A Manifesto for the Arts” (Singapore, 2013), 188n83
Marcgraf, Georg, 23
Maritime Experiential Museum (Singapore), 181n11
Markovits, Andrei S., 90
Marshall, David, 97–98
Martin, Barbara, 69, 87
Marx, Karl, 5
Massachusetts: Asian trading connections of, 59, 64–65; cosmopolitan seaports of, 64–65; early economy of, 168nn23–24; tensions and divisions in, 55–56. See also Boston; Peabody Essex Museum
Massachusetts General Court, 56
Massachusetts House of Representatives, 59
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 170n42
mass media: Al-Jazeera network and, 115, 118, 122–23; Internet and, 39, 41, 43–44, 156; learning about world through museums vs., 25–26, 44; nationalistic claims reinforced via access to, 144–45n5; on Qatar, 91–92. See also specific newspapers
Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art (Doha): completed, 113; curiosity about, 12; dual stories of, 129; free days, 126, 134; goals, 125–26; noted, 119; programming, 126–27
—EXHIBITIONS: Another Look, 126–27; Saraab, 126; schoolchildren’s artworks, 126
Matlack, Timothy (portrait of), Plate 6, 60, 82
Maya, K’iché burial urns, Plate 5, 59, 62, 63
Mayflower (ship), 54, 168n21
McClellan, Andrew, 151n32
Medelhavsmuseet (Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm), 17
Medieval Sinhalese Art (Coomaraswamy), 58
Medvedeva, Maria, 173n68, 173n71
Mellon, Andrew, 51–52
Melville, Herman, 65, 179–80n139
memory cultures, 144–45n5
memory traces, 145–46n6
MENA (Middle East nervous anxiety), 125
Mendel, Gregor, 20
Menino, Thomas, 85–86
Merritt, Elizabeth E., 62
Merry, Sally, 153–54n44
methodological approach, 10–13, 155–56n54
Metropolitan Museum of Art (NYC), 7, 51, 71, 140, 179n126
Mexico: colonial era in, Plate 7, 60, 72; foreign currency in, 4. See also pre-Columbian art
MFA. See Museum of Fine Arts
MIA. See Museum of Islamic Art
Middle East nervous anxiety (MENA), 125
Migrant Integration Policy Index, 165n77
migrants and immigrants: acculturation of, 74, 176–77n104; as art patrons, 61; asylum policies and, 160n39; challenges in relation to, 11, 19, 34, 140–41; family reunification requirements, 38, 163–64n62, 164n65; as future citizens, 33; as living across borders, 4–5; museums’ representation of, 75–76, 78–82; needed as labor, 31, 33, 101, 163n56; number of, 4, 133–34, 142; objects of travelers vs., 40–41; Qatari residents distinguished from, 123, 129; remittances home, 4, 146n11; residential segregation of, 34, 38, 42, 55, 97, 99; sea nomads as, 95, 181n13; Singapore’s longtime residents distinguished from, 103, 186n70; venues for exploring, 42–49. See also assimilation; diversity and diversity management regimes; immigration policy; language issues; transnational lives; workers
Minangkabau people, 107
Minto, Lord (Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound), 96
Mirrer, Louise, 86–87
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 170n42
mobility. See migrants and immigrants; transnational lives; travel and travelers
modern traditionalism, 192n131
Molotch, Harvey, 145–46n6
Monck, Christopher (Duke of Albemarle), 1
Monroe, Dan, 10, 51, 65–67, 84, 176n102
Montebello, Philippe de, 8
Morgan, J. P., 51
Morrison, Samuel Eliot, 54
Morse, Edward Sylvester, 57, 172n49
Moses, Robert, 78
Mosque of Ahmad Ibn Tulun (Cairo), 113
Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned, Sheikha, 121, 124–25
Muhammad bin Thani bin Muhammad, 116
Multicultural Center (Mångkulturellt Centrum, Stockholm), 41–42, 45, 140
multiculturalism: critiques of, 33–34; internationalism in relation to, 79; New York’s flavor of, 84; Singapore’s identity of, 99–103, 184nn47–48, 51; Swedish social democratic twist to, 33, 48; teaching children about, 109; U.S. hierarchy in, 53, 168n16; ways of doing, 149n26. See also cosmopolitanism; diversity and diversity management regimes; pluralisms and multiple voices
Multiculturalism Policy Index, 165n77
Mumford, Lewis, 9
Muñoz, Adriana, 18
Murakami, Takashi, 134
Murray, Grace, 125–26
Museo del Prado (Madrid), 61
museum architecture: accessibility issues, 77; priorities evidenced in, 7; “starchitects” for designing, Plate 11, 8, 134
museum educational programming: author’s interviews of professionals in, 155–56n54; championed at Brooklyn Museum, 74; championed at MFA (early twentieth cen.), 171n46; as cosmopolitanizing residents, 104; on immigration, 42; on Islamic art and artists, 114–15; on multiculturalism, 109; similarities across museums and countries, 126–27, 134–35; as training museumgoers, 123. See also exhibition and museum practices
museum effect, 7
Museum Explorers’ Club (Queens Museum), 78
museumgoers: accessibility issues and hours for, 73, 77, 82, 126, 134, 178n119; attendance data on, 173n71; author’s observations of, 155–56n54; changing tastes in exhibition styles, 25; community members welcomed as, 78–82; cosmopolitanism encouraged for, 8–9; creating identities but not rights and responsibilities of, 110; creating next generation of, 185n67; curators’ views and expectations of, 43–45; demographic shifts of, 62; expectations of, 63, 83–84, 140; museum as experienced by, 7–8; own culture recognized by, 50; report on younger visitors’ views, 173n68; typical Danish, 39; understanding of museums, 153n41; volunteer opportunities for, 94–95; workers as, 17, 52, 57, 129. See also exhibitions; museum educational programming
Museum of African Art (Washington, DC), 53
Museum of Copenhagen: Becoming a Copenhagener exhibition of, 39; expectations of, 140; national belonging as topic in, 45
Museum of Ethnography (Gothenburg), 17
Museum of Ethnography (Stockholm). See Etnografiska Museet
Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Östasiatiska Museet, Stockholm), 17
Museum of Fine Arts (MFA, Boston): artists’ conversations with ancient objects in, 134–35; Atlantic Monthly’s connection to, 88; Brooklyn Museum compared with, 82–87; on cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum, 50–51, 57–58, 60–62, 63, 69, 82–83, 137, 172–73n66; donors’ influences on, 86; educational vs. contemplative approaches in, 171nn46–47; founding, 51, 56, 87, 170n42, 171n43; free days, 82, 126, 134; funding, 140; hours and accessibility, 82, 178n119; lacunae in collections, 68–69; mission and motto, 56–57, 67, 134; openness fostered, 68, 135, 174n81; Rajput painting collection, 58; recent acquisitions, 69, 174–75n85; restructuring, 62–63; shifting view of art at, 171–72n48; South Asian galleries redesigned, 68; visitors’ expectations, 83–84
—EXHIBITIONS: Dangerous Curves (guitars), 174n81; Fresh Ink, 68, 114; Global Patterns, 174n83; K’iché burial urns, Plate 5, 59, 62, 63; Permission to be Global, 68; Speed, Style, and Beauty, 174n81. See also Art of the Americas Wing
Museum of History and Technology (Washington, DC), 52
Museum of Islamic Art (MIA, Doha): aesthetics and organization, 113–14, 135; architect, 112–13, 121; artists’ conversations with ancient objects in, 135; curiosity about, 12; dual stories of, 128–29; exterior view, Plate 11; mission, 114–15
—EXHIBITIONS: Ferozkoh: Tradition and Continuity in Afghan Art, 114; Hajj, 114; Portrait of a European Gentleman (unknown artist), Plate 12, 114
Museum of Man (envisioned), 53
Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities (Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm), 17
Museum of Natural History (NYC), 179n126
Museum of World Culture (MWC, Stockholm): cosmopolitan citizens fostered in, 17–18, 29, 92; curator for global issues at, 18–19; curiosity about, 12; forward-looking stance of, 47–48, 141; funding, 140; schoolchildren’s visits to, 15; universalist ethos of, 53
—EXHIBITIONS: Bollywood, 19; Destination X, Plate 4, 19, 40–41; HIV/AIDS, 44; Horizons, 141; Sister of Dreams, 18; A Stolen World, 40, 164nn70, 72
museum professionals: community organizers as, 78–79, 80; confidentiality agreements of, 191n119; as cultural workers, 102–6; in global museum assemblages, 134–35; mission as contact work, 8, 153nn42–43; role in creating narrative, 128; spiralists or parachutists vs. local, 9, 129–30, 134; transnational class of, 8–9, 155n46. See also curators; directors; exhibition and museum practices; museum educational programming
museums: city and place in, 9–10; constituency and community-based, 3, 87, 109, 140; as contact zones, 8, 135, 153nn42–43; current challenges for, 62–63; debates on, 7–9, 42–45, 126; definitions of, 42–44; dual roles of, 134; enlightenment model and development of, 170n39; ethnographic objects from other cultures in, 25–28, 159n17; free days at, 82, 126, 134, 178n119; functions of, 6–9, 8; future role of, 139–42; immigration policy as influence on, 48–49; as “mausoleums,” 151–52n33; national ethnography and archeology in, 25–27; nation as imagined in, 5; reciprocity as key paradigm shift in, 79, 141; rethinking model and meaning, 8–9, 25–26, 130, 152n34; similar artifacts in both ethnographic and art museums, 151n32; as slow medium, 42–43; types of, 2–3; as universal vs. national, 143–44n4. See also classification and hierarchies; cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum; donors; exhibition and museum practices; funding issues; museumgoers; museum professionals; and specific museums
Museums and Society 2034 (American Association of Museums report), 62
Music Museum (Stockholm), 15
Muslim people: exhibitionary silences and, 187n77; free schools of, 165n87; “headscarf issue” and, 183n39; as migrants, 33, 34, 38; suspicions of Singapore’s Chinese-origin population, 187n78; travel of, 5, 147–48n20. See also Islamic ethos; Museum of Islamic Art; Qatar
MWC. See Museum of World Culture
Myrdal, Alva, 32, 47
Myrdal, Gunnar, 32, 47, 87
Nagoya Museum of Fine Arts (MFA’s sister museum, Japan), 57, 172n50
Napoleonic Wars, 35
Nassau-Siegen, Johan Maurits von, 22
nation: cities’ always in context of, 10; “cultural wealth” of, 145–46n6; museums as performance of culture and belonging in, 6–9; number of people living outside the category of, 133–34; rentier state type of, 118; social contract of citizen and, 5
National Art Gallery (Singapore), 94, 186–87n71
National Arts Council (Singapore), 102, 103, 185–86n68
National Center of Afro-American Artists (NCAAA), 174–75n85
National Defense Service (Sweden), 33
National Endowment for the Arts (U.S.), 62
National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC), 51–52
National Herbarium (Washington, DC), 52
National Heritage Board (Singapore), 95, 104–5, 181n11
National Historical Museum (Stockholm), 41, 45
nationalism: in continuum with globalism, 2–3, 143–44n4; cosmopolitan depictions in, 3; expressions of pride vs. discomfort with, 45–47. See also cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum; objects: iconic
National Mall (Washington, DC). See Smithsonian Museum; Washington (DC) cultural institutions
National Minorities Law (Sweden, 1998), 166n95
National Museum of African American History and Culture (Washington, DC), 53, 168n16
National Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen): budget cutbacks and national globality policy of, 158–59n15; coin collection of, 26, 28–29; Danish Modern History collection in, 27–28; ethnographic objects displayed in, 24–28, 159n17; lack of explanation for ethnographic portraits in, Plate 2, 23–24, 25, 135; Native American collection of, 159n16; objects loaned to parish museums (stiftsmuseum), 37; prehistory and peasant culture celebrated in, 28–29; schoolchildren’s visits to, 14–15, 29, 159n17; visitors’ expectations of, 140
—EXHIBITIONS: Brazilian ethnography, 25; ethnographic portraits, Plate 2, 23–24, 25, 135; Kølbjerg Woman and Egtved Girl, 24; New Danish Prehistory, 15, 24–25, 28–29, 41; The Peoples of the World, Plate 2, 23–24, 159n17; Pow Wow, 159n16; The Stories of Denmark, 15, 27–28, 41; The Sun Chariot, or Solvognen, Plate 3, 24–25; Treasure Chamber, 159n17
National Museum of Fine Arts (Stockholm), 15
National Museum of Qatar (Doha): construction of, 91; dual stories of, 129; plans for, 113; traditional values and the modern in, 127–28; types of exhibitions in, 92–93
—EXHIBITIONS: “Between the Past and the Future” room, 128; Tea with Nefertiti, 92
National Museum of Singapore, 109–10, 187n3
National Museum of the American Indian (Washington, DC), 45, 53, 168n16
National Museum of Women in the Arts (Washington, DC), 168n16
National Office of Cultural Heritage (Denmark), 39
National Sports Day (Qatar), 122
National Unity Front (Qatar), 117
National University of Singapore, 98, 187n72
National Zoological Park (Washington, DC), 52
Native American art: acquisition of, 176n102; American art roots in, 63; Brooklyn Museum’s collection, 72–73, 75; Danish collection, 159n16; demonstrations of, 74; materials on, 172–73n66; MFA’s collection, 59, 63–64, 68–69
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (U.S., 1990), 176n102. See also repatriation and restitution claims
Native American people, 45, 52
Natural History Museum (Washington, DC), 52
Nazi Germany, 31, 47
NCAAA (National Center of Afro-American Artists), 174–75n85
Neel, Alice, 72
“Negaraku” (song), 98
neocolonialism, 107, 130
neoliberalism, 44
Nepenthes rafflesiana (pitcher plant), 96
Netherlands: Amsterdam’s cosmopolitanism, 112; Portuguese Brazil occupied by, 22–23. See also Eckhout, Albert; Post, Franz
Newark (NJ) Museum, 171n46, 176–77n104
New Democracy Party (Sweden), 33
New New Yorkers program (Queens Museum), 78, 79
New York Botanical Garden, 179n126
New York City (NYC): Boston’s relationship to, 11–12; Brooklyn as part of, 70–71; cultural affairs support in, 85–86; culture as defined in, 86–87; immigrants and newcomers in melting pot of, 9, 84, 86–87, 178n122; Metropolitan Museum of Art in, 7, 51, 71, 140, 179n126; Museum of Natural History in, 179n126; national context of, 11; panorama of, 78; population, 84–85, 178n123. See also Brooklyn Museum; El Museo del Barrio; Queens Museum; The Studio Museum in Harlem
New York City Board of Education, 81
New York Daily News, 77
New York Department of Cultural Affairs, 85
New York Times, 64, 77, 175–76n97
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 89
Nobel, Alfred, 31
Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, 20–21
Nordic welfare model, 45–46
Nordiska Museet (Stockholm), 15, 16–17, 19, 41, 157n4
Norman, Wayne, 149n26
Northwestern University in Qatar, 121
Norway: Danish loss of, 35; joke of, 47; Swedish loss of, 21
Nouvel, Jean, 127, 128
Nowicka, Magdalena, 149n26
nudity, 124
Nung-Hsin, Hu, 79
objects: as art vs. artifact, 27–28, 44, 135, 159n17; of foreign origin but national treasures, 24–25; iconic, Plate 3, 15, 24–25, 59–60; similar examples in both ethnographic and art museums, 151n32; similarities vs. connections of specific, 66; of travelers vs. refugees, 40–41. See also artworks; exhibitions
O’Connor, Thomas H., 54, 55
Ofili, Chris, 85
Okakura, Kakuzō, 172n49
O’Keeffe, Georgia, 72
Olwig, Karen Fog, 163n55
Olympics: Qatar’s first delegation to, 122; Qatar’s museum for, 113, 124; Youth Olympic Games (Singapore), 104
Ong, Aihwa, 139, 154–55n45
openness. See cosmopolitanism
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 34, 49
orientalism museum (planned), 123–24
Ortiz, Raphael Montañez, 81
Oskar I (king of Sweden), 30–31
Östasiatiska Museet (Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm), 17
other and otherness: ethnographic portraits’ influence on constructing, Plate 2, 23–24, 25; exhibition’s exploration of exhibiting, 159n16
Ottoman Empire (later, Turkey), 34, 116
P
Paerregaard, Karsten, 163n55
pairings. See adjacencies or pairings in exhibitions
Palme, Olaf, 17, 32–33, 47, 54
Pan-Arab Games (2011), 122
pan-Scandinavianism, 16, 47, 157n2
PAP (People’s Action Party, Singapore), 97–98, 99, 100, 111, 130, 184n51
Paracas Collection, exhibited in A Stolen World, 40, 164nn70,72
Paris, Louvre in, 2
Paris Saint-Germain soccer team, 121
Park, Robe
Parnet, Claire, 125
Pastore, Javier, 121
Patel, Samir S., 24
Paternosto, Cesar, Staccato, 69
patriotism as embarrassment vs. virtue, 46–47
Paulsen, Krista E., 145–46n6
Peabody Academy of Science, 64–65
Peabody Essex Museum (PEM, Salem, MA): on cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum, 66–67, 83; global and regional perspectives of, 64; mission, 51; origins, 65–66; particular context of, 10, 83–84; traveling exhibits, 67
Peale, Charles Willson: portraits by, in Boston Museum, 170n39; Timothy Matlack portrait by, Plate 6, 60, 82
pearl trade, 116, 117, 127, 189nn90, 92
Pedersen, Lykke, 27
Pei, I. M., Museum of Islamic Art by, Plate 11, 112–13, 121
Pelly, Lewis, 116
PEM. See Peabody Essex Museum
People’s Action Party (PAP, Singapore), 97–98, 99, 100, 111, 130, 184n51
The Peoples of the World (exhibition, National Museum of Denmark), Plate 2, 23–24, 159n17
Perak Museum (Singapore), 187n72
Peranakanamania, 130
Peranakan Chinese people, 108
Peranakan Museum (Singapore), 108, 187n74
“Percent for Art” law, 85
Peruvian textile collection, 40, 164nn70, 72
Petrilli, Michael, 175–76n97
Philadelphia: personality of, 9
Philadelphia Museum of Art: Sixty-Ninth Street branch, 176–77n104
Pieris, Anoma, 182–83n33
Piso, William, 23
pitcher plant (Nepenthes rafflesiana), 96
Pizarro, Francisco, 75
pluralisms and multiple voices: definitions of, 182–83n33; tactics for including, 44–45, 53. See also diversity and diversity management regimes; language issues
Plymouth (now MA), founding of, 54, 168n21
Poland: cosmopolitan nationalism in, 144–45n5; migrants from, 34
Pollock, Sheldon, 148n21
Portrait of a European Gentleman (unknown artist), Plate 12, 114
Post, Franz, 23
Powell, John Wesley, 52
Pratt, Mary Louise, 153n42
pre-Columbian art: American art roots in, 63; Brooklyn Museum’s collection, 73–74, 75; K’iché burial urns (Maya), Plate 5, 59, 62, 63; materials on, 172–73n66
Prior, Nick, 153n41
Progress Party (Denmark), 47
Prussia: Denmark defeated by, 35–36. See also Germany
Ptolemy (geographer), 116
Puah, Benson, 102, 103–4, 107, 111
public-private partnership model, 85, 86–87, 179n126
Puerto Rican diaspora, 81–82
Qatar: Arab (selective) cosmopolitanism of, 11, 91, 92–93, 119–23, 125, 129, 130–32, 138, 142; cultural armature of, 123–28, 130–31; Doha interchangeable with, 10, 188n85; economic and social development, 117–18; foreign investment by, 91, 118, 120–21, 122, 180n1; foreign labor force in, 119–20, 189n98, 189–90n99, 190nn101–2; historical context, 91–92, 115–17, 189nn90–91; lifestyles of Qataris, 119, 122, 191n116; mediator role of, 118–19, 121–22; museum visiting encouraged in, 114–15; oil and natural gas of, 93, 117, 118, 120–22; political dissent and government response in, 120, 190n102; political rights of citizens and noncitizens, 92, 130; rebranding museums in, 155–56n54; Singapore compared with, 115; symbol of (desert sand rose), 127; thobe and abaya vs. Western clothing in, 129, 131. See also Doha
Qatar Airways, 118
Qatar Charity, 122
Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, 121
Qatar Labor Ministry, 190n101
Qatar Museum Authority (QMA, later Qatar Museums): dual stories of, 128–29; museums planned by, 113, 123–25; rebranding and renaming of, 155–56n54; secrecy of, 131, 191n119; silences and absences in museums of, 131–32. See also Mathaf; Museum of Islamic Art; National Museum of Qatar; Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum
Qatar National 2030 Vision (report), 118, 120, 189n94
Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum (Doha), 113, 124
—EXHIBITIONS: Hey,Ya: Arab Women in Sports, 124; Olympics, 124
Qatar Symphony Orchestra, 114
QMA. See Qatar Museum Authority
Queens (NY): diversity of, 78
Queens International (biennial exhibition), 79, 114
Queens Museum (earlier, Queens Museum of Art): artists’ conversations with ancient objects in, 135; community partnership and accessibility, 77, 78–80; on cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum, 83–84, 137–38; exchanges and collaborations of, 80–82, 141, 177–78n114; funding, 140; possibilities for, 84; renovation and renaming, 77–78; story of transnational lives at, 51, 80
—EXHIBITION: Caribbean: Crossroads of the World, 80–82, 177–78n114
Queens Public Library, 78, 80
Qur’an: on diversity, 147–48n20
race: attendance data and, 173n71; demographic shifts and, 62–64; empowerment vs. divisions, 52–53; ethnicity conflated with (Singapore), 183n37. See also classification and hierarchies; diversity and diversity management regimes; ethnicity; migrants and immigrants
Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 95–97, 106, 187n72
Raffles Institution, 98
Raffles Library and Museum (Singapore), 95, 106, 187nn72–73
Rao, Hayagreeva, 145–46n6
Raw Canvas (Lee), Plate 10, 105
Raymond Lester Associates, 78
Reagan, Ronald, 32
reciprocity as key paradigm shift, 79, 141
Rectanus, Mark W., 154–55n45
Reddy, Prerana, 80
religious beliefs: civil religion defined, 89–90; display of objects sacred to, 45; Grundtvig’s opposition to Lutheranism, 36; minorities in Denmark, 37; Puritans’ “city on the hill” idea, 53–55; Singapore’s treatment of, 183n41; sun as a god, Plate 3, 24–25
Renaissance City Report (Singapore, 2000), 102–3
repatriation and restitution claims: of Andean textiles, 40, 164nn70, 72; context of, 176n102; “Declaration” as anticipatory countermeasure, 143–44n4; rejection of arguments for, 43; of totem pole, 135
Report of the Advisory Council on Culture and the Arts (Singapore, 1989), 102
Reuther, Walter, 32
Revere, Paul, 59–60, 64
Ripley, S. Dillon, 53
Rockefeller, John D., 51
Rogers, Malcolm, 62, 68, 134, 173n67, 174n81
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 51
Rosoff, Nancy, 176–77n104
Ross, Denman Waldo, 172n49
Rovisco, Maria, 149n26
Royal Dutch Shell, 120–21
Royal Opera (Sweden), 30
Rubio y Salinas, Manuel José (portrait of), Plate 7, 60, 82
Ruggie, John, 90
Rydell, Robert, 52, 150n28, 171n47
Sachs, Paul, 171n47
Saito, Hiro, 149n25
Salem (MA): personality of, 10; trading and tourism in, 64–65. See also Peabody Essex Museum
Salt Lake City (Utah): Doha compared with, 128
Sandahl, Jette: exhibitions under, 39; international conventions used by, 17–18; as mobile museum professional, 134; on multiple voices, 44; on museum narratives, 128, 141
Sanskrit cosmopolis, 5, 148n21
Sargent, John Singer, 60–61
Schiller, Nina Glick, 149n26
Schissler, Hanna, 144–45n5
Schleswig, 35, 161nn46, 49
Schmidt, Garbi, 163n56
Scott, Virginia, 155–56n54
Serrano, Jose, 78, 79, 80
Sharjah Art Museum (United Arab Emirates), 129
Sharp, William, 78
Sheikh, Muhammad Khalid, 121
Sherman, Daniel J., 151n32
Simon, Bob, 92, 121–22
Singapore: art and culture for nation building in, 101–3, 184nn47–48; Asian (selective) cosmopolitanism of, 11, 102–8, 110–12, 131, 138, 142; Banyan tree metaphor for government in, 183–84n43; boundaries and distinctions in, 103, 186n70; brain drain concerns, 184n45; British rule then self-government of, 97–98; cultural armature of, 103–6, 130–31; diversity of (multiracial national model), 11, 93, 99–102, 109, 130, 182–83n33, 184nn47–48, 51; Doha’s relationship to, 12, 93, 130; economic miracle of, 99; expelled from Malay union, 98, 101; geographic location and trading connections, 94–95, 96–97; “headscarf issue” in, 183n39; heritage centers in, 109, 140; immigration and population of, 99–101, 182n32, 184nn43–46; interchangeability of city and state in, 10; museums’ role in, 95, 132, 181n11; national anthem, 98; organizational ecology of, 108–10; penal system, 182–83n33; political rights of citizens, 93, 130; population, 98; private museums noted, 181n11; Qatar compared with, 115; recruitment of top talent and companies to, 93–94; rojak salads metaphor in, 106–7, 110, 111, 128; as secular state but religiously diverse, 183n41
—CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS: ArtScience Museum, 181n11; Esplanade Theater by the Bay (Singapore), 102; Friends of the Museums, 94–95; Indian Heritage Center, 109; Maritime Experiential Museum, 181n11; National Art Gallery, 94, 186–87n71; National Arts Council, 102, 103, 185–86n68; National Heritage Board, 95, 104–5, 181n11; National Museum of Singapore, 109–10, 187n3; National University of Singapore, 98, 187n72; Perak Museum, 187n72; Peranakan Museum, 108, 187n74; Raffles Library and Museum, 95, 106, 187nn72–73; Singapore History Museum, 187n77; Singapore Institution, 106. See also Asian Civilizations Museum; Singapore Art Museum
Singapore Art Museum: in city’s organizational ecology, 108; as cosmopolitanizing residents, 104–6; focus, 186–87n71; international connections, 185–86n68; lengthy labels in, 104, 135; origins, 102; unity in diversity narrative in, 109
—EXHIBITIONS: Art Garden, 185n67; Raw Canvas, Plate 10, 105; The Singapore Show, 105, 186n70
Singapore Arts Festival, 104, 185–86n68
Singapore Biennale, Plate 10, 104
Singapore Grand Prix, 104
Singapore History Museum, 187n77
Singapore Institution, 106
Sister of Dreams: People and Myths of the Orinoco (exhibition), 18
60 Minutes (television program), 91–92
Sjørslev, Inger, 25
Skansen (Stockholm), 15, 16–17, 19
Sklair, Leslie, 155n46
slavery, 124–25
Sloane, Hans, 1–2
Smithson, James, 52
Smithsonian Museum (Washington, DC): as creating democratic America, 52; folklife festivals, 53; governance and oversight, 167n6; mentioned, 11; racial lines in, 52–53. See also specific museums
—EXHIBITION: A Nation of Nations, 53
social democracy (Sweden), 17, 31–32, 33, 38, 47, 49
Social Democrats (Danish political party), 38, 39
Sombart, Werner, 90
South American objects: Brooklyn Museum’s collection, Plate 9, 72–75, 82; K’iché burial urns (Maya), Plate 5, 59, 62, 63. See also pre-Columbian art; Spanish colonial art
South and Southeast Asia: British East India Company in, 95–97; British rule of areas in, 97–98; collection of objects from, 68; cosmopolitanization of, 148n21; sarong kebaya outfit in, 108; Singaporean art in context of, 104–6; Singapore’s regionalization drive in, 99. See also Singapore
Soysal, Yasemin, 144–45n5
Spain, Bilbao museum, 91, 115
Spanish American War (1898), 88–89
Spanish colonial art: American arts influenced by, Plates 6 and 7, 59–60, 63, 73; Brooklyn Museum’s collection, 72–74; women’s portrait in, Plate 9, 75, 82
Sparrman, Anders, 20
Spinden, Herbert Joseph, 71, 73–74, 176n102, 176–77n104
sports: in Boston, 55; Qatar’s role in, 121, 122. See also FIFA World Cup
Sri Lankan decorative arts and crafts, 58
“starchitects”: use of term, Plate 11, 8
“The Star-Spangled Banner” (song), 52
Stayton, Kevin: on American Identities, 72, 74, 75; on Brooklyn Museum’s mission, 71–72; on Connecting Cultures, 76; on funding, 85; on future of museums, 141
Stinchcombe, Arthur L., 145–46n6
Stockholm: cosmopolitanism in museums of, 10–11; cultural armature and geopolitics of, 17, 29–34; museum complex in, 19; number and diversity of museums in, 10, 15; population, 30, 34, 160–61n41; residential segregation of immigrants in, 34, 42; schoolchildren’s museum visits in, 14–15
—CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS: Academy of Sciences, 43, 157n4; Multicultural Center, 41–42, 45, 140; Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 17; Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities, 17; Music Museum, 15; National Historical Museum, 41, 45; National Museum of Fine Arts, 15; Nordiska Museet, 15, 16–17, 19, 41, 157n4; Skansen (Stockholm), 15, 16–17, 19; Stockholm City Museum, 42, 45; Strindberg Museum, 15; Swedish History Museum, 15; Vasa Museet, 15, 19. See also Etnografiska Museet; Museum of World Culture
Stockholm City Museum, 42, 45
Strindberg, August, 20
Strindberg Museum (Stockholm), 15
The Studio Museum in Harlem: credit for establishing, 87; Cultural Institutions Group membership of, 179n126; educational materials of, 81; exhibition collaboration with Queens Museum, 80–82, 177–78n114; story of transnational lives at, 80
Suez Canal, 95, 97
Sully, Thomas, 170n39
Sun, Yat Sen, 109
The Sun Chariot, or Solvognen (Bronze Age sculpture), Plate 3, 24–25
Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall (Singapore), 109
Survey of Public Participation in the Arts (National Endowment for the Arts report), 62
Svanberg, Fredrik, 41
Svensson, Birgitta, 48
Svensson, Thommy, 17
Sweden: asylum policy of, 160n39; centralized political culture of, 47; civic idea of national identity, 45–49; colonial past of, 21, 29–30; on cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum, 10–11, 15, 29, 41, 136–37; cultural armature and geopolitics of, 29–34; Danish museums’ approach compared with, 42–49; Denmark’s relationship to, 12, 35; diversity of, 11, 17, 19, 48; equality discourse in, 46–47, 165n82; in EU but opted out of euro, 156n55; homogeneity of, 11, 35–36, 46; industrialization and urbanization in, 15–16; minorities recognized in, 49, 166n95; Nazi Germany’s relations with, 31, 47; place in world, 17–20, 29; population, 17, 19, 34, 160n40; post-WWII immigration to, 31, 33–34, 160n37; pubic funding for museums and collections, 22, 158n9; rethinking museums and collections in, 17–18; romantic nationalism in, 16, 157n3; stereotype of immigration policy in, 45, 165n77; Swedishness in, 32–33, 41. See also Gothenburg; Stockholm; and specific museums
Sweden (Childs), 31
Swedish Academy, 30
Swedish Democrats (political party), 34, 49
Swedish East India Company, 30
Swedish History Museum (Stockholm), 15
Swedish Museum Association, 41
Swedish National Museums of World Culture, 17
Swedish Social Democrats (political party), 31–32, 47, 49
Sznaider, Natan, 144–45n5
Tan, Boon Hui, 104–5, 110, 186–87n71
Tan, Kenneth, 111
The Tarairiu Woman (Eckhout), Plate 2, 23–24, 25
Tarfon, Rabbi, 141, 193n9
taxonomies. See classification and hierarchies
Thatcher, Margaret, 32
Thirty Year War (1625–29), 35
Thomsen, Christian Jürgensen, 26
Thoreau, Henry David, 179–80n139
Thorning-Schmidt, Helle, 38–39, 164n65
Tiffany Studios, 75, 78
Tingsten, Herbert, 46
Tomlinson, Barbara, 13
Townshend Acts (1767), 59
Trägårdh, L., 165n82
transnational lives: American Identities story in context of, 72–74; Art of the Americas story in context of, 63–64; capitalist class and, 155n46; as everyday and ordinary, 4–5; human trafficking and, Plate 1, 22; as living across borders, 4–5, 19, 79. See also boundaries and borders; cosmopolitanism-nationalism continuum; global citizens; migrants and immigrants; museum professionals
transnational social fields, 8–9
travel and travelers: early explorers, 20–21; exhibition on, Plate 4, 19, 40–41; learning about world through museums vs., 25–26; nation’s efficacy in attracting, 145–46n6; objects collected and brought home, 21–22
Treaty of Stralsund (1370), 35
tribal modernity, 131–32
Trkulja, Jelena, 123, 127
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt, 153n43
Turkey (earlier, Ottoman Empire), 34, 116
Turnbull, C. R., 97
Turner, Bryan S., 149n26
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 89
Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens), 9
Tybjerg, Karin, 23–24, 27, 44
Ulfstrand, Anna, 42
UNESCO, 18
United Arab Emirates. See Dubai; Sharjah Art Museum
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United Nations: cultural diversity defined by, 18; headquarters (1946–50), 77; Universal Declaration of Human Rights signed, 18
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 40, 163–64n62
United States: cities’ support for arts in, 85–86; “city on the hill” idea in, 53–55; cosmopolitanized nationalism in, 11, 83, 87–90, 137; cultural armature of, 87–90, 179–80n139; diversity and diversity management regimes of, 53, 69; international influences on art of, 58–62, 63, 172–73n66; Latinization in, 84; museum development in, 170n39; national anthem, 52; origins of some museum collections in, 51–52; population, 62; post-WWII social problems in, 32; Qatari military base used by, 121; redefining art of, 79–80; Singaporeans living in, 101, 184n44. See also specific cities and museums
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (U.N.), 18
universalism and universal values: beauty and truth as, 57; commitment to, 87–88, 93; critiques of, 18, 111, 115, 141–42; language of, 164n72; meanings of, 6; museums envisioned in terms of, 53, 143–44n4; sport as, 122, 124; Swedish values as, 46–47, 165n82, 166n97. See also cosmopolitanism
University College of London in Qatar, 121
University of Cambridge (England), 98
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington, DC), 168n16
U.S. Natural History Museum (Washington, DC), 52
Valdemar (king of Denmark), 35
“vanishing red man” theory, 176n102
Vare, Robert, 88–89, 179–80n139
Vasa Museet (Stockholm), 15, 19
Velázquez, Diego, 61
Venstre (Danish political party), 38
vernacularization, 153–54n44
Viborg Stiftsmuseum (Denmark), 37
Vida, André, 125
Vikings, 14, 24, 29, 34–35
Virginia Commonwealth University in Qatar, 121
visitors. See museumgoers
Volkswagen Group, 121
Volleyball Club World Championships (2012), 122
Wahlquist, Håkan, 42–43
Walker, William S., 52, 167n11
Walsh, Marty, 86
Ward, Gerald W. R., 68–69, 174n84
War of 1812, 56
Washington, Booker T., 72
Washington, George, 88
Washington (DC) cultural institutions: Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, 53; Art and Industries Museum, 52; Holocaust Memorial Museum, 168n16; Museum of African Art, 53; Museum of History and Technology, 52; National Gallery of Art, 51–52; National Herbarium, 52; National Museum of African American History and Culture, 53, 168n16; National Museum of the American Indian, 45, 53, 168n16; National Museum of Women in the Arts, 168n16; National Zoological Park, 52; Natural History Museum, 52. See also Smithsonian Museum
Watson, James D., 20
Watson, Oliver, 113
Webb, Alban, 147n15
Weinstein, Laura, 68
Weld, Charles Goddard, 172n49
Wherry, Frederick F., 145–46n6
Whitman, Walt, 72, 179–80n139
Wildlife Conservation Society, 179n126
Wilk, Richard, 12, 157n58
Williams, William, Deborah Hall portrait by, Plate 8, 74–75, 82
Wilmotte, Jean-Paul, 113–14
Wilson, Robert, 185–86n68
Wilson, Woodrow, 88–89, 90
Winther, Ole, 39
Winthrop, John, 53–54, 168n22
The Wizard of Oz (film), ruby slippers in, 52
Wong, Hannah, 94, 107
Wong, Vicky, 109–10
workers: cultural, 102–6; exhibition about, 109; foreign labor force as, 31, 33, 84, 92, 100–101, 111, 119–20, 182n32, 184n46, 189n98, 189–90n99, 190nn101–2; library and classes for, 69–70; as museumgoers, 17, 52, 57, 129; museums’ role in institutional distribution of, 83–84; recruiter fees, 189n98; shortage of, 31, 33, 101, 163n56; traditional vs. modern relationships, 189n94; transnational lives of, 4–5. See also living across borders; migrants and immigrants; museum professionals
World Bank, 4
world culture: debates about, 17–19. See also cosmopolitanism; globalization and global processes
World Cup, FIFA (2022), 92, 112, 119–20, 124, 127, 191n121
World Exposition (Paris, 1878), 16
World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 75
world’s fairs: 1939, 77; 1964, 77, 78; 1992, 152n36. See also arts festivals; biennials
World War I, 31
World War II, 31, 47, 97, 98
writing, power of, 179–80n139. See also Atlantic Monthly
Yeoh, Brenda, 111, 184n46
Yoon, Jason, 79
Young British Artists movement, 85
Younis, Ala, 125
Youth Olympic Games (Singapore), 104
Youtz, Philip, 176–77n104
Zorn, Anders, 15
Zubrzycki, Geneviève, 144–45n5
Zuni objects, 73, 74, 75